Decreased Cardiac Output and Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion related to Syncope

Decreased Cardiac Output and Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion related to Syncope - These days we want to discuss the article with the title health Decreased Cardiac Output and Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion related to Syncope we hope you get what you're looking for. We are here trying to make the best possible to provide information on this blog.

Decreased Cardiac Output and Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion related to Syncope

Definition of Syncope

Syncope is a body mechanism to anticipate changes in the blood supply to the brain and usually occurs suddenly and briefly or loss of consciousness and postural body strength and the ability to stand, because of the reduction of blood flow to the brain. Fainting, "blacking out", or syncope can also be interpreted as a temporary loss of consciousness followed by the return of full alertness.

Syncope is a final establishment of the body in maintaining a lack of substances important for supply to the brain such as oxygen and other substances (glucose) from the damage that could be permanent.


Causes of Syncope

Factors that can trigger syncope is divided into two, namely: psychogenic factors (fear, tension, emotional stress, severe pain that occurs suddenly and unexpectedly and fear the sight of blood or medical equipment such as syringes) and non-psychogenic factors (upright sitting position, hunger, poor physical condition, and the environment is hot, humid and dense).

The most frequent cause of syncope can be divided into several sections such as:

1. Cardiac (Heart) and blood vessels
Heart Blockages: Disturbances in the heart can be caused by a blockage (obstruction) in the heart of this blockage can be caused by heart valve disorders, tumors and enlargement of the heart muscle and heart diseases.
Heart electricity: Electrical disorders of the heart, causing arrhythmia and cardiac pulsation frequency so that the volume of blood pumped to the body and to the brain will also be reduced.
Vertebrobasilar system: The narrowing of the blood vessels due to age, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Vertebrobasilar system is risky for the narrowing, and if there is a temporary interruption in blood flow to the midbrain and reticular activating system, fainting or syncope may occur.

2. Innervation
Vasovagal syncope: In the human body there are reflexes in the nervous system that are not aware, this nerve reflex can cause a sudden drop in blood pressure. Vasovagal syncope as a result of the action of the vagus nerve which then sends signals to the heart and then slow the heart rate so someone fainting. Vasovagal syncope is usually triggered by fear, pain, injury, fatigue and prolonged standing. Other situations generally cause the heart rate to slow down and cause fainting while as straining, coughing, sneezing (Ocupational syncope) that can cause vagal response.
Carotid Sinus: Carotid Sinus is a part of the blood vessels of the neck are very sensitive to physical changes and strain the blood vessels in the area. Because it is too sensitive, then this will result in impulse transmission in the central nervous system that stimulates nerves that make losing consciousness.

3. Influence of body position
Orthostatic Hypotension.
Postural Hypotension: Blood vessels need to maintain their strength so that the body can withstand the effects of gravity with changes in position. When the body position change from lying to standing, autonomic nervous system increases the strength of the walls of blood vessels, making them shrink, and at the same time increasing the heart rate so that blood can be pumped went up to the brain that cause the blood pressure is relatively low at the moment stand. This is common in the elderly and pregnant women. Typically, fainting happens when a person stands with fast and there was not enough time for the body to compensate. This makes the heart beat faster, and occurs vasoconstriction of blood vessels to maintain the body's blood pressure and blood flow to the brain.

4. Lack of body components
Hypoglycemia: Decreased blood sugar suddenly causes a decrease in glucose available to brain function. This can be seen in diabetics who tend to overdose of insulin. If people miss a dose, the dose may be tempted to take extra insulin to make up the missed dose. In such cases, blood sugar tends to suddenly fall, and get people into insulin shock.
Electrolyte imbalance: This is due to changes in the concentration of fluid in the body and also directly affects blood pressure in the body.
Anemia: Anemia is a condition of a lack of red blood cells (erythrocytes), more specifically, is a hemoglobin (Hb). This causes a lack of oxygen reaching the brain that causes fainting, because hemoglobin is to transport oxygen to the cells in this case the cells in the brain.

5. Other causes
Pregnancy: It is caused by the pressure of the inferior vena cava (the large vein that returns blood to the heart) by the enlarged uterus and by orthostatic hypotension.
Medications: Other medications may also cause potentially of fainting or syncope including those for high blood pressure that can dilate blood vessels, antidepressants which can affect the heart's electrical activity, and that affects the mental state such as pain medications, alcohol, and cocaine.


Clinical Manifestations of Syncope

Signs symptoms of syncope can be seen in three phases which pre-syncope, syncope and post syncope.

1. Pre syncope:
Patients may feel nauseous, feeling uncomfortable, clammy and weak. There may be a feeling of dizziness or vertigo (the room spinning), hyperpnea (increased depth of breath), vision may be blurred, and there may dampen hearing and tingling sensations in the body. Pre-syncope or near-fainting, the same symptoms will occur, but at this stage the blood pressure and pulse down and the patient did not really lose consciousness.

2. Syncope:
Syncope is characterized by loss of consciousness of patients with clinical symptoms such as:
Short breathing, shallow and irregular.
Bradycardia and hypotension continues.
Palpable pulse weak and convulsive movement in arm muscles, legs and face. In this phase the patient vulnerable to airway obstruction due to the occurrence of muscle relaxation due to loss of consciousness.

3. Post syncope:
The last phase is the post syncope is a recovery period where patients return to consciousness. In the early phases of post-syncope patients may experience disorientation, nausea, and sweating. On clinical examination obtained palpable pulse began to rise and stronger and the blood pressure starts to rise.
After the episode of syncope, the patient should return to normal mental functioning, even though there may be signs and other symptoms depending on the underlying cause of syncope. For example, if the patient is in the midst of a heart attack, he may complain of chest pain or chest pressure.


Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for Syncope

Nursing Diagnosis : Decreased cardiac output related to the disruption of blood flow to the heart muscle.

Goal: inadequate blood flow to the heart.

Expected outcomes: strong pulse palpation, normal blood pressure.

Intervention:
1. Check the ABC and if necessary freed airway and cardiac massage
Rational: Addressing critical condition early may improve the prognosis of clients.

2. Monitor the pulse rate, respiratory rate, BP regularly.
Rational: Vital signs as the reference condition the patient's circulation.

3. Check the state of the client's heart with ECG examination.
Rational: ECG examination provides an overview heart condition and help determine further treatment alternatives.

4. Assess changes in skin color towards cyanosis and pallor.
Rational: Pale showed a decrease in peripheral perfusion to inadequate cardiac output. Cyanosis occurs as a result of obstruction of blood flow to the ventricles.

5. Monitor intake and output every 24 hours.
Rationale: The kidneys respond to lower cardiac output with production hold fluid and sodium.

6. Limit activities adequately.
Rationale: Adequate rest is needed to improve the efficiency of cardiac contraction and lower oxygen consumption and excessive work.


Nursing Diagnosis : Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion related to a decrease in the flow of oxygen to the cerebral.

Expected outcomes: Vital signs are stable, patient-oriented with good communication.

Interventions:
1. Monitor vital signs
Rational: Vital Signs is one indicator of the general state and the patient's circulation.

2. Position the patient in the shock position foot raised 45 degrees.
Rationale: Helps improve venous return to the heart and subsequently increased cerebral blood flow.

3. Monitor the level of consciousness.
Rationale: The level of a person's consciousness is also influenced by the perfusion of oxygen to the brain.

4. Provide adequate oxygen therapy.
Rationale: to prevent more severe brain hypoxia.

Thank you for visiting our blog. In the future we continue to seek better in presenting good information. Don't forget to share the article Decreased Cardiac Output and Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion related to Syncope this in social media.

Frequently searched keywords:

Nanda Nursing Diagnosis, nanda nursing diagnosis pdf, nanda nursing diagnosis for renal failure, nanda nursing diagnosis for diabetes mellitus, nanda nursing diagnosis for respiratory problems, nanda nursing diagnosis book+free download, nanda nursing diagnosis for respiratory failure, nanda nursing diagnosis list 2015 pdf, nanda nursing diagnosis for atrial septal defect, nanda nursing diagnosis 2015, nanda nursing diagnosis 2015 pdf, nanda nursing diagnosis 2015 to 2017, nanda nursing diagnosis free download, nanda nursing diagnosis list 2015 free download, nanda nursing diagnosis impaired gas exchange, nanda nursing diagnosis ppt, nanda nursing diagnosis classification, nanda nursing diagnosis care plans examples, nanda nursing diagnosis for pericardial effusion, nanda nursing diagnosis, nanda nursing diagnosis list, nanda nursing diagnosis anxiety, nanda nursing diagnosis acute pain, nanda nursing diagnosis activity intolerance, nanda nursing diagnosis apa reference, nanda nursing diagnosis and interventions, nanda nursing diagnosis anemia, nanda nursing diagnosis acute pain related to, nanda nursing diagnosis altered mental status, nanda nursing diagnosis app, nanda nursing diagnosis acute pain related to surgery, nanda nursing diagnosis asthma, nanda nursing diagnosis and care plans, nanda nursing diagnosis and interventions for copd, nanda nursing diagnosis alcohol withdrawal, nanda nursing diagnosis and intervention pdf, nanda nursing diagnosis alzheimer's disease, nanda nursing diagnosis acute kidney injury, nanda nursing diagnosis and outcomes, nanda nursing diagnosis amazon, nanda nursing diagnosis apk, nanda nursing diagnosis book, nanda nursing diagnosis bleeding, nanda nursing diagnosis book pdf, nanda nursing diagnosis bipolar disorder, nanda nursing diagnosis breast cancer, nanda nursing diagnosis bowel obstruction, nanda nursing diagnosis borderline personality disorder, nanda nursing diagnosis burns, nanda nursing diagnosis bronchiolitis, nanda nursing diagnosis bronchitis, nanda nursing diagnosis body image disturbed, nanda nursing diagnosis bph, nanda nursing diagnosis back pain, nanda nursing diagnosis-blood transfusion, nanda nursing diagnosis ineffective breathing pattern, nanda nursing diagnosis traumatic brain injury, nursing diagnosis by nanda, nanda nursing care plan book, nanda nursing diagnosis copd, nanda nursing diagnosis chf, nanda nursing diagnosis cellulitis, nanda nursing diagnosis congestive heart failure, nanda nursing diagnosis cva, nanda nursing diagnosis.com, nanda nursing diagnosis community, nanda nursing care plan copd, www.nanda nursing care plan.com, nanda nursing diagnosis diabetes, nanda nursing diagnosis definition, nanda nursing diagnosis decreased cardiac output, nanda nursing diagnosis dementia, nanda nursing diagnosis diabetes mellitus type 2, nanda nursing diagnosis definition and classification, nanda nursing diagnosis depression, nanda nursing diagnosis disturbed thought processes, nanda nursing diagnosis diarrhea, nanda nursing diagnosis deficient knowledge, nanda nursing diagnosis dehydration, nanda nursing diagnosis deficient fluid volume, nanda nursing diagnosis defining characteristics, nanda nursing diagnosis download, nanda nursing diagnosis diabetes mellitus, nanda nursing diagnosis diabetic ketoacidosis, nanda nursing diagnosis dvt, nanda nursing diagnosis diverticulitis, nanda nursing diagnosis dengue fever, nanda nursing diagnosis examples, nanda nursing diagnosis electrolyte imbalance, nanda nursing diagnosis excess fluid volume, nanda nursing diagnosis epilepsy, nanda nursing diagnosis ebook free download, nanda nursing diagnosis edema, nanda nursing diagnosis elsevier, nanda nursing diagnosis end stage renal disease, nanda nursing diagnosis elimination, nanda nursing diagnosis emphysema, nanda nursing diagnosis endocarditis, nanda nursing diagnosis ectopic pregnancy, nanda nursing diagnosis encephalopathy, nanda nursing diagnosis pleural effusion, nanda nursing diagnosis for urinary elimination, nanda nursing care plan examples, nanda nursing wellness diagnosis examples, nanda nursing diagnosis for elderly, nanda nursing diagnosis for epistaxis, nanda nursing diagnosis for hypertension, nanda nursing diagnosis for pneumonia, nanda nursing diagnosis for pain, nanda nursing diagnosis for copd, nanda nursing diagnosis for anemia, nanda nursing diagnosis for anxiety, nanda nursing diagnosis for chf, nanda nursing diagnosis for asthma, nanda nursing diagnosis fever, nanda nursing diagnosis for psychosocial, nanda nursing diagnosis for 2014, nanda nursing diagnosis for 2015, nanda nursing diagnosis for, nanda nursing diagnosis grieving, nanda nursing diagnosis gi bleed, nanda nursing diagnosis generalized anxiety disorder, nanda nursing diagnosis gastrointestinal, nanda nursing diagnosis gastritis, nanda nursing diagnosis gordon's functional health patterns, nanda nursing diagnosis gout, nanda nursing diagnosis guidelines, nanda nursing diagnosis gerd, nanda nursing diagnosis gestational diabetes, nanda nursing diagnosis glaucoma, nanda nursing diagnosis gi, nanda nursing diagnosis geriatrics, nanda nursing diagnosis gangrene, nanda nursing diagnosis gallstones, nanda nursing diagnosis for gastroenteritis, nanda nursing diagnosis for gestational diabetes mellitus, nanda nursing diagnosis for guillain barre syndrome, nanda nursing diagnosis for gastroparesis, nanda nursing diagnosis hypertension, nanda nursing diagnosis handbook, nanda nursing diagnosis heart failure, nanda nursing diagnosis how to write, nanda nursing diagnosis hyperthermia, nanda nursing diagnosis hypoglycemia, nanda nursing diagnosis hypotension, nanda nursing diagnosis health promotion, nanda nursing diagnosis hopelessness, nanda nursing diagnosis hyperlipidemia, nanda nursing diagnosis high blood pressure, nanda nursing diagnosis hernia, nanda nursing diagnosis handbook free download, nanda nursing diagnosis hemorrhoids, nanda nursing diagnosis hyperglycemia, nanda nursing diagnosis hypothermia, nanda nursing diagnosis head injury, nanda nursing diagnosis hypothyroidism, nanda nursing diagnosis hyponatremia, nanda nursing diagnosis hip fracture, nanda nursing diagnosis in pregnancy, nanda nursing diagnosis is, nanda-i nursing diagnosis list, nanda-i nursing diagnosis list 2012, nanda nursing diagnosis jaundice, nanda nursing diagnosis journal, nanda nursing diagnosis for degenerative joint disease, nanda nursing care plan for juvenile diabetes, nanda nursing diagnosis knowledge deficit, nanda nursing diagnosis knowledge deficit diabetes, nanda nursing diagnosis kidney failure, nanda nursing diagnosis knowledge deficit related to medication, nanda nursing diagnosis knowledge deficit breastfeeding, nanda nursing diagnosis kidney stones, nanda nursing diagnosis knowledge deficit medication, nanda nursing diagnosis knee replacement, nanda nursing diagnosis knowledge, nanda nursing diagnosis for kawasaki disease, nanda nursing diagnosis for kidney transplant, nanda nursing diagnosis chronic kidney disease, nanda nursing diagnosis for kidney disease, nanda nursing diagnosis for knee surgery, nanda nursing diagnosis for kidney cancer, nanda nursing diagnosis for ketoacidosis, nanda nursing diagnosis for kwashiorkor, nanda nursing diagnosis list 2013, nanda nursing diagnosis list 2012, nanda nursing diagnosis list 2011 pdf, nanda nursing diagnosis list 2012 pdf, nanda nursing diagnosis leukemia, nanda nursing diagnosis list 2014, nanda nursing diagnosis list 2015, nanda nursing diagnosis list for newborns, nanda nursing diagnosis labor delivery, nanda nursing diagnosis list pdf, nanda nursing diagnosis list for pneumonia, nanda nursing diagnosis list for hypertension, nanda nursing diagnosis list with definitions, nanda nursing diagnosis list for pediatrics, nanda nursing diagnosis labels, nanda nursing diagnosis list for chf, nanda nursing diagnosis list for copd, nanda nursing diagnosis mrsa, nanda nursing diagnosis mental health, nanda nursing diagnosis must include, nanda nursing diagnosis medication compliance, nanda nursing diagnosis myocardial infarction, nanda nursing diagnosis maternity, nanda nursing diagnosis malnutrition, nanda nursing diagnosis meningitis, nanda nursing diagnosis multiple myeloma, nanda nursing diagnosis major depressive disorder, nanda nursing diagnosis-multiple sclerosis, nanda nursing diagnosis mi, nanda nursing diagnosis metabolic acidosis, nanda nursing diagnosis mental retardation, nanda nursing diagnosis mental illness, nanda nursing diagnosis muscle weakness, nanda nursing diagnosis maternal, nanda nursing diagnosis macular degeneration, nanda nursing diagnosis pain management, nanda nursing diagnosis nutrition, nanda nursing diagnosis noncompliance, nanda nursing diagnosis newborn, nanda nursing diagnosis nutrition less than body requirements, nanda nursing diagnosis nausea, nanda nursing diagnosis online, nanda nursing diagnosis obesity, nanda nursing diagnosis osteomyelitis, nanda nursing diagnosis osteoporosis, nanda nursing diagnosis obstetrics, nanda nursing diagnosis of mania, nanda nursing diagnosis of neurocysticercosis, nanda nursing diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, nanda nursing diagnosis of hernia, nanda nursing diagnosis on hypertension, nanda nursing diagnosis of pneumonia, nanda nursing diagnosis of inguinal hernia, nanda nursing diagnosis of meningitis, nanda nursing diagnosis of myocardial infarction, nanda nursing diagnosis of fracture, nanda nursing diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome, nanda nursing diagnosis of peptic ulcer, nanda nursing diagnosis of schizophrenia, nanda nursing diagnosis on fever, nanda nursing diagnosis of tuberculosis, nanda nursing diagnosis pain, nanda nursing diagnosis pneumonia, nanda nursing diagnosis psychosocial, nanda nursing diagnosis pregnancy, nanda nursing diagnosis pain acute, nanda nursing diagnosis pdf 2014, nanda nursing diagnosis pdf free download, nanda nursing diagnosis postpartum, nanda nursing care plan pneumonia